Machine learning assisted design of new lattice core for sandwich structures with

superior load carrying capacity

Sandwiching Machine:

biscuits may be automatically sandwiched with cream or jam or with two ingredients.

The biscuits are normally fed manually from the packing table to a set of vibratory

conveyors. The machines may have multilanes, usually from two up to six lanes. Each

lane may produce 200–800 sandwiches per minute, depending on the product and machine

characteristics. Cookie cappers are full width biscuit making machine systems. Chocolate tempering: when pure

chocolate is used, accurate temperature control during the process is essential. The

temperature control to seed and produce stable beta fat crystals that avoid ‘bloom’

is carried out in a tempering tube that may be a separate unit or incorporated in the

enrobing machine. Chocolate enrobing: chocolate coating of biscuits is a continuous

in-line process. The biscuits are delivered directly, after cooling to around 25°C,

to an enrobing machine. The

biscuit depositing machine are transported through the enrober on an open wire

mesh conveyor. They may be fully coated or half coated with chocolate. Chocolate

cooling: the chocolate is cooled in tunnels with air/water cooling and accurate

temperature control to ensure a clear, glossy surface to the products.

There’s a lot to be said for the humble sandwich; it can serve as a simple snack

or dressed up and elevated to become a full meal. But there’s something about the

combination of hot metal plates and bread that takes sandwich making to the next

level, and this is where sandwich toasters and toastie makers come in.

These versatile bits of kit aren’t just reserved for toasting sandwiches; many

come with different plates for different tasks. Some have waffle plates, others have

flat plates and grill plates for toasted sandwiches, some even open up flat for

table-top grilling. Before making a purchase, consider what you want to use your

toastie maker or sandwich toaster for. Are you looking to make bog-standard cheese

toasties or are you after a multifaceted machine that can be used a couple of

different ways? We tested a range of different models to find the best sandwich

toaster for you. 

For more unbiased expert buyer’s guides, visit our reviews section to find 400+

round-ups of everything from the best bread makers and best toasters to the best bread

bins.

But, when I recently talked to a bunch of experts about how to build awesome

sandwiches, I decided it was high time I got back into the homemade-sammy game. It may

not be quite as easy, but it's certainly still cheap, it's even more

customizable, and, I have to admit, that extra bit of work makes it taste a heck of a

lot better at the end. Then again, if I'm going to go the extra mile with a

sandwich, I want it to look as good as it tastes. I want it to stay intact when I

travel, and I want eating it to feel effortless. I want to be able to pull it out of

my bag, give it a nice long look, and say daaamn, sandwich, before crushing it between

my jaws.
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How to Make a Better Grilled Cheese
I want to wrap it like a badass—albeit a badass with a mild case of OCD.

So this weekend, I asked the sandwich guy at my corner bodega to give me a lesson,

and he graciously complied. Turns out the process is crazy easy and crazy handy—with

a few basic folds and turns, you'll have a sandwich that'll keep its shape and

hold all your carefully arranged ingredients in place, whether you're going on a

picnic, biscuit packaging

machine a lunch box, or taking a road trip. It won't gather condensation and

induce sogginess the way a zipper-lock bag will, and, because these wrap jobs hold up

even once your sandwich is sliced in half, it'll make eating on the go a whole lot

easier and neater, too. All you'll need is parchment or waxed paper and, if

you're working with a hot sandwich or planning to slice the sandwich in half, a

sheet of aluminum foil.

Wrapping a flat sandwich isn't entirely unlike wrapping a present, only you

won't need any tape or ribbon to make this one stay in place. To begin, you'll

need a rectangular sheet of parchment (or waxed) paper—you can buy the precut

sandwich papers, which'll make measurement even easier, or just cut about a foot

off the roll.

Set the paper in front of you on a work surface, vertically (i.e., portrait, not

landscape, orientation). Then place your sandwich in the center of the paper; if your

bread has a discernible top, bottom, and sides, set it so the top is away from you.

Next, bring the top and bottom edges of the paper together over the center of the

sandwich and line them up. Fold the edges down by half an inch, crease sharply, and

then continue folding in half-inch turns, creasing each time, until the fold is flush

with the surface of the sandwich. Depending on the size of your sandwich and the

length of your paper, the number of folds will vary. Try not to squish the sandwich!

The left and right sides of the paper will now look like flattened tubes. Starting

on one of the tubes, use your fingers to press the opposing edges into the center,

forming a pleated triangle. Press down and crease the triangle's edges, including

at the base of the sandwich, before carefully folding it underneath. Repeat this

process on the other side of the sandwich, and voilà, you're done!

The act of creasing and folding, accompanied by the sandwich's weight, will

keep the whole thing nice and secure. If you'd like, you can cut the sandwich down

the center, perpendicular to the crease, and then wrap the halves together in a sheet

of aluminum foil. Otherwise, simply stick your tidy little package in your lunch box,

a brown paper bag, or a rectangular container, and you're good to go.

If you're working with a hot sandwich, you can use this same method with

nothing but a piece of aluminum foil, though skipping the parchment paper may make it

a bit harder to eat on the go, since foil may cling to parts of your sandwich a little

more doggedly.

Next up, we have long sandwiches, like subs and wraps, to contend with. Wrapping

these sandwiches can be a little tricky to get the hang of, since measuring out the

paper will depend on the size of your sandwich. A good rule of thumb is to cut a piece

of parchment paper that's about one and a half times the length of the sub or

wrap.

Begin by setting your paper vertically in front of you, just like with the flat-

sandwich technique. Then place the sandwich diagonally across the paper, near one of

the corners. Now lift that corner up and over the sandwich, pressing it flush. From

there, roll the sandwich in paper toward the far opposite corner, folding in the sides

as you go.

Having a hearty and delicious breakfast in the morning is one of the best ways to

start your day right, but some of you may be too lazy or absolutely hate having to

cook and wash up after.

What if there are breakfast making machines that are foolproof, easy-to-use and

will only require you to wash up a few items after cooking?

We found some breakfast making machines perfect for lazy people on Shopee

Singapore, so read on to check them out!

Let's start with the simplest and most obvious breakfast making machine - a

sandwich and waffle maker. A nicely toasted sandwich is one of the most popular

breakfast options so make your own at home with this handy machine.

It comes in two sweet pink and mint pastel colours to spruce up your kitchen and

brighten your day whenever you use it. Each maker comes with a sandwich and waffle

hotplate, but you can purchase extra hotplates to make mini donuts and egg waffles.

Think about moving from one pan to another, then moving to the oven to check on

your bread when cooking - sounds hectic, right? This 4-in-1 breakfast making machine

lets you cook everything at one spot so making breakfast won't feel like such a

chore anymore.

You can toast bread, steam eggs and cook congee with one



biscuit sandwiching machine so it's no longer an excuse to not have a

healthy breakfast every day! Choose from the pastel pink or blue colour.

This multifunctional breakfast making machine is similar to #2 except that it

allows you to brew a pot of coffee at the same time. Such machines are designed for

light cooking so if you usually have fried eggs, bacon and toast for breakfast, this

is one to consider.

It comes in a sleek black and red colour that will go well with any kitchen

design.

Shop the multifunctional breakfast making machine at $69.89 on Shopee.

If you don't already own one yourself, you very likely know somebody who owns

an air fryer. (Odds are, they've talked about it countless times.) The miniature

oven is the current it appliance, and it's easy to see why — the air fryer is

easy to operate, shaves minutes off cook time, and gives food a crispy texture without

having to rely on loads of grease. It seems like the kind of high-tech appliance

you'd see on The Jetsons, but with the added bonus of existing right now.

The air fryer is far more than an appliance that creates low-fat versions of your

favorite fried foods; it's so reliable you can truly use it for any meal of the

day, including the most important one — breakfast.

Watch how to use your air fryer to make the easiest-ever breakfast sandwich.

Want to make this air fryer breakfast sandwich yourself?

Herein new lattice unit cells with buckling load 261–308% higher than the

classical octet unit cell were reported. Lattice structures have been widely used in

sandwich structures as lightweight core. While stretching dominated and bending

dominated cells such as octahedron, tetrahedron and octet have been designed for

lightweight structures, it is plausible that other cells exist which might perform

better than the existing counterparts. Machine learning technique was used to discover

new optimal unit cells. An 8-node cube containing a maximum of 27 elements, which

extended into an eightfold unit cell, was taken as representative volume element

(RVE). Numerous possible unit cells within the RVE were generated using permutations

and combinations through MATLAB coding. Uniaxial compression tests using ANSYS were

performed to form a dataset, which was used to train machine learning algorithms and

form predictive model. The model was then used to further optimize the unit cells. A

total of 20 optimal symmetric unit cells were predicted which showed 51–57% higher

capacity than octet cell. Particularly, if the solid rods were replaced by porous

biomimetic rods, an additional 130–160% increase in buckling resistance was achieved.

Sandwich structures made of these 3D printed optimal symmetric unit cells showed 13–

35% higher flexural strength than octet cell cored counterpart. This study opens up

new opportunities to design high-performance sandwich structures.

A lattice structure is formed by stacking lattice unit cells cheek by jowl in any

desired order. The entire lattice structure’s performance depends on the construction

of the lattice unit cell it is made of. Extensive research has been carried out in

design, fabrication and evaluation of these lightweight architectures. Depending on

the number of struts and number of joints in a single unit cell, it can be classified

as a stretching or bending dominated structure1. In a stretching dominated structure,

the primary mode of failure is through stretching while in a bending dominated

structure the primary mode of failure is through bending. Compared to foam and bending

dominated lattice structures, stretching dominated lattice structures were proven to

perform better in terms of strength and stiffness1. Several lattice unit cells were

proposed with superior performance and various advantages in structural, thermal,

impact, vibrational and acoustic domains2,3,4,5,6. Octet lattice structure is one of

the best truss-based lattice structures among stretching dominated lattice unit

cells3. Gyroid and double gyroid structures manufactured through additive

manufacturing exhibited decent impact absorption capabilities and additional advantage

with the same stiffness in all the axial directions4. Hollow micro truss lattice

structures were studied for their enhanced energy absorption5. Hybrid sandwich panels

made of pyramid truss structures as core were fabricated with higher damping

performance6. Several numerical and experimental studies were conducted by various

groups to reinforce the proposed structures. Linear and nonlinear effective properties

of lattice structure were studied using continuum theory models3,7,8,9,10. The

effective properties of octet lattice structure were initially studied by Deshpande

and Fleck3.

The fabrication techniques and structural performance of lattice cored sandwich

structures were explored by different groups11,12,13,14. Selective laser melting (SLM)

is used to manufacture bio-inspired kagome sandwich panels with titanium core. The

compression and shear properties of these sandwich structures are evaluated and proved

to perform better than honeycomb aerospace core structures11. Stereolithography (SLA)

is used to print several lattice cores made of epoxy-based photopolymer resin and

sandwich plates made of carbon fiber reinforced face sheets which are co-cured in

two-stage manufacturing process. The compression and flexural properties of the

sandwich structures were evaluated12. Bending response of graded lattice core sandwich

structures is evaluated which achieves minimum weight sandwich structures13. Silicon

rubber molds were used to fabricate CFRP tetrahedral core sandwich structures and

tested for compression and shear strengths14. It is known that lattice core in

sandwich structures plays an important role in the overall load carrying capacity of

the sandwich. With the advancement in 3D printing, lattice core with very complex

geometrical configurations can be manufactured. Therefore, further improvement in the

load carrying capacity in lattice cored sandwich depends on optimization of lattice

cores.