the long version: First of all, we should state that not all HID (High Intensity
Discharge) headlamps are using Xenon as the weapon of choice. Some use Mercury
vapors, other metal halide, ceramic metal halide and others use Sodium vapor.
Secondly, all automobile applications of HID lamps use Xenon, but not all of them use
this gas for the whole functioning time. Now let's see how they actually work.
Even though a common name for most HID lights is HID Xenon Light, most of them are actually metal
halide lamps that contain Xenon gas, which is only used to allow the lamp to produce
a minimal amount of light immediately after power-up, in order to accelerate the
(much longer) run-up time of the lamp. The distinctive blueish color separates HID
headlamps from the regular lamps with tungsten filaments.
Even though they give a greater amount of light output per amount of electricity
power input, and the luminous efficacy transforms a greater proportion of their
radiation is visible light as opposed to heat, HID H lights are still mostly used in low-beam operations
and very rarely on high-beam lamps, even though the proportion varies by the
geographical area. For example, when comparing international ECE standard (which is
recognized all over the world) with the SAE standard (mandatory only in the United
States) we can see that in the US more glare is permitted and actually required for
the headlamps. In other words, the reason most HID Xenon Kits sell in America might not be the buying power but the
permissive legislation. Because of the energy required to run a HID headlight, the
HID bulbs do not run on low-voltage DC current, so they require a power pack
(ballast) with either an external or internal ignitor, which controls the current
given to the bulb. Considering automobiles use a 12-volt electrical system for their
lamps and the HID 90
lighting requires over 20,000 volts to ignite the bulbs and then 85 volts to keep
them running, the ballast is a necessary part of the system.
Apart from turning it on it also regulates the voltage, and is an integral part
of the HID system. The power-up of the bulbs happens in three phases. First comes the
ignition, when a high voltage pulse is used to produce a spark which ionizes the
Xenon gas, creating a tunnel of current between the Tungsten electrodes. After this
comes the initial phase, when the temperature in the bulb capsule rises rapidly, the
metallic salts vaporize and the resistance between the electrodes fails. The ballast
comes into function and automatically switches to continuous operation, when all
metal salts are in vapor phase, the arc of light has achieved a stable shape and the
luminous efficacy has attained its nominal value. Being supplied with stable
electrical power by the ballast, the arc will not flicker. The main advantage of
HID D headlamps is the
increased safety provided by the more usable light compared to regular Halogen ones.
Other hard points are the luminous efficacy, the reduced power consumption and
the longevity (the average service life of a HID lamp is approximately 2000 hours,
while a Halogen lamp has between 450 and 1000 hours of functioning). The
disadvantages on the other hand are also more than enough, especially in the US,
because of the permissive legislation. For example, vehicles equipped with HID
headlamps are required by international ECE regulation to be equipped with lens
cleaning systems and automatic beam leveling control in order to reduce the high
levels of glare induced to other road participants. In the United States, SAE
legislation acknowledges and permits this rule but does not enforce it.
Another downside comes from the lack of backward-compatibility between HID lights
and Tungsten-Halogen headlamps, hence special optics are used to collect and
distribute the light on HID lamps. The cost of producing, purchasing, installing and
repairing HID headlamps is also significantly higher compared to Halogen lamps.
Reliable off-road vision is a cornerstone of vehicular safety – it goes without
saying that being able to see where you’re going makes a world of difference. Modern
LED technologies have made this safety accessible to everyone.
LED Conversion Kits
have plug-and-play installation and produce between 4000 – 8000 lumens while using
less wattage than stock halogen bulbs. They also last up to 10x longer than
incandescent bulbs, with a massive difference in brightness.
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