Any experienced designer will tell you that lighting is an essential ingredient
when you’re decorating a room — not the afterthought that many of us consider it.
If you’re tempted to spend more of your time picking out furnishings or puzzling
over layouts, remember that LED
lighting can completely transform a space — not just by brightening dark
corners, but by affecting your emotions.
“Light is a powerful thing,” said Theo Richardson, the director of development
at Rich Brilliant Willing, the Brooklyn-based design studio known for its striking LED
fixtures, which he founded with Charles Brill and Alexander Williams. “The right
light lifts the mood, inspires productivity and motivates us. At home, light enlivens
the little things — our morning routines, or the moments we spend with friends.”
Most designers agree that you need more than one source of light in a room. Think
layered illumination: Every room should have a mix of
sports lighting
, including overhead, accent and task lights.
In the living room, for example, you might begin by hanging a decorative ceiling
fixture near the center of the room, said Nathan Orsman, a
port lighting
designer based in New York City and Southampton. “Then we look toward the outer walls
for downlighting that can gently wash the walls, curtains and art with warm,
functional brightness,” he said. This can be achieved with soffit or valance
lighting, or even plug-in torchier floor lamps that bounce light off the ceiling.
Depending on a room’s layout, he said, accent lights could be used to highlight
art, and table lamps could be placed beside seating to add another layer of light. And
for extra ambience, he added, “a candle never hurt.”
The goal, he explained, is to create contrast between the light at the center of
the room and around the perimeter, and the darker spaces in between: “Without the
darker, quieter moments, everything is flat and boring. It’s the subtle interplay
between light and dark that creates appeal.”
One place where bright light is more important than ambience is the kitchen.
Mr. Orsman suggested flooding the space by installing high-hats or recessed lights
along the edge of the ceiling. If you have a kitchen island, consider hanging pendants
overhead, he said, which will light the space without taking up room you might need to
eat or prepare food. Also, you’ll be able “to see your guests without having to look
around a hanging light.”
And don’t forget under-cabinet light: Running LED light strips on the bottom of
your upper cabinets is the easiest way to create an evenly lighted counter space for
food prep and cooking.
If you have a north-facing room without direct sunlight, it will generally require
a little more thought.
Donna Mondi, an interior designer in Chicago, installed recessed fixtures along
the perimeter of a north-facing living room to complement a central pendant that
spread light horizontally throughout the space. But she didn’t stop there: She also
used table lamps to illuminate dark corners and a pair of sconces to draw attention to
a special piece of art.
For a dark bedroom, she used a similar strategy, combining a central chandelier
with discrete up-lights in the corners of the room, bedside lamps for reading and a
pair of sconces over the fireplace opposite the bed.
“The worst option is a recessed fixture over the sink, as it casts shadows that
are not flattering,” Ms. Mondi said. Instead, she suggested, opt for wall-mounted
sconces with 75-watt bulbs installed about 66 inches off the floor, which will help
cast even illumination across your face.
Another “great feature to add is industrial lighting at the cabinet base,
” she said, which creates “a very subtle glow” like a night light if you wake up in
the middle of the night.
To create a sense of intimacy and spalike luxury, consider installing a sculptural
pendant lamp. Janey Butler, who runs Janey Butler Interiors, the interior design wing
of the Llama Group in Cheshire, England, transformed a windowless bathroom into a
dramatic space by hanging Ochre’s Celestial Pebble Chandelier over the tub.
“The light itself is a beautiful object that meets the eye on arrival to the room
and provides focus to the free-standing bath,” Ms. Butler said. She also used LED
strip lighting, concealed behind floating shelves, to wash the chevron-patterned floor
with a subtle glow.
“When you have an empty and awkward corner, one trick of the trade is to
transform that space with an oversized floor lamp,” said Caitlin Murray, the founder
and chief executive of Black Lacquer Design, in Los Angeles. “Look for a lamp that is
complementary in finish and material to the surrounding space, and an otherwise lost
corner instantly becomes an intentional, polished part of the overall room design.”
To brighten up the space next to a desk in a bachelor’s living room, Ms. Murray
chose the Detrick Floor Lamp, from Arteriors, in an earthy finish with a gray-green
shade.
“It did the double duties of providing added light to his work space while also
being a statement accent piece,” she said. “It was important to find something in
tone and texture that both complemented the overall design and provided enough of a
contrast to the surrounding neutrals to really make a visual impact.”
Don’t Overdo the Overheads
“Over the years, we’ve found that one of the biggest mistakes is made with
overhead
commercial lighting,” said Robert Highsmith, a principal at Workstead, the
Brooklyn design firm he founded with his wife, Stefanie Brechbuehler, and fellow Rhode
Island School of Design alum Ryan Mahoney almost a decade ago. “Often it can be
excessive, generating spots and unwanted shadows.”
For that reason, Workstead advises residential clients not to use recessed
overhead lighting. Instead, Mr. Highsmith recommends hanging a large pendant fixture
or a chandelier in common areas. In the kitchen, he suggested using globe fixtures, “
for even lighting” that leaves counter surfaces free. For living rooms, he said, try
subtle lighting sources like wall sconces and floor lamps, and in dining rooms, “a
sculptural centerpiece above a table provides depth, while accent lighting amplifies
warmth.”
Put dimmers on all of your lights: “Workstead prefers a more analog approach that
allows you to manually adjust lighting to respond to changes in natural light, seasons
and so forth,” Mr. Highsmith said, noting that the easiest way to adjust the light in
a room is by putting a dimmer on each fixture, rather than replacing a wall switch
with a dimmer that adjusts all the lights at once.
In the bedroom, he suggested using a bedside light with both a dimmer and a
movable shade. Workstead designed the Orbit sconce, for example, to be adjustable in
both ways, with a dimmer and a swiveling reflector that allows the light to be
directed or blocked. “We feel like the more flexibility, the better,” he said.
Don’t Forget the Details
“Whenever you use a shade — whether it’s on a lamp, a sconce or a chandelier —
use frosted or soft-white bulbs to eliminate the shadows and hot spots created by
shade clips,” said Paloma Contreras, an interior designer in Houston.
And be sure those shades are on straight. “The harps are pliable, so you can
manipulate them a bit to ensure that the shades sit on the lamp properly,” Ms.
Contreras said.
You should also orient the lampshade so that seams are hidden. “I can’t begin to
tell you how many seams I have seen on lampshades in movies, on television shows and
even in magazines,” she added. “You wouldn’t put your dress on backward, would you?
”
“I’m all about the LEDs now,” Ms. Contreras said. “Our home is illuminated by
warm-colored LED bulbs, and they look like traditional incandescents. Plus, they’re
made for all fixtures, including recessed cans, table lamps and sconces.”
For a warm, inviting light, she said, go with 2,700 to 3,000 kelvin, often
advertised as “warm white.” As you go higher in the color-temperature range, she
said, “more blue is introduced, and this ultimately gives that dreaded warehouse
look.” (Those bulbs — often advertised as “daylight” — do better in a garage or a
more utilitarian space.)
Like many other institutional structures assembled at the end of the twentieth
century, the International Space Station (ISS) was designed to incorporate fluorescent
light bulbs. At present, the spacecraft is more than halfway through a lighting
overhaul, and its original bulbs are being replaced, piece by piece, with light-
emitting diodes (LEDs).
Compared with conventional incandescent or fluorescent bulbs, LEDs use less
energy, last longer and contain no glass or mercury, negating the risk of glass shards
or toxic metal floating through the space station should the bulbs break in zero
gravity. But researchers also hope that the new lighting system will help astronauts
to sleep better at night and to stay alert during the day.
The problem that engineers are trying to address is that there’s no ‘day’ or ‘
night’ in space. The ISS circles Earth every 90 minutes or so, which provides
astronauts with frequent opportunities to see the Sun rise and set, but also wreaks
havoc on the body’s roughly 24-hour, or circadian, clock. Among space flight’s many
deleterious effects on health, disturbance of the circadian rhythm and the sleep
deprivation that accompanies it have emerged as considerable worries — particularly
as people contemplate travelling to more distant locations in the Solar System, says
George Brainard, director of the Light Research Program at Thomas Jefferson University
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The LED-based lighting system being introduced to the ISS is designed to target
not just rods and cones — photoreceptor cells in the eye that enable vision in dim
light and in colour, respectively — but also a third type of photoreceptor cell that
was discovered almost 20 years ago. Known as intrinsically photosensitive retinal
ganglion cells (ipRGCs), these photoreceptors contain a light-sensitive protein called
melanopsin. They don’t have much of a role in vision; instead, ipRGCs serve as the
body’s main entry point for light that regulates biological functions such as the
sleep–wake cycle, alertness and mood. Researchers are beginning to understand the
extent to which too much or too little light at the wrong time of day can throw
important physiological processes out of sync, whether you’re an astronaut on a
spacecraft, a nurse on the night shift, or just playing computer games after bedtime.
Artificial lighting has extended the length of time for which people are exposed
to light each day, for better or for worse. LED-based dynamic lighting systems that
are capable of adjusting the colour and intensity of the light that they deliver
should make it possible to design lit environments that are less detrimental to
health. “There’s no limit to the technology in terms of what can be done with LED
lights,” says Robert Lucas, a neuroscientist at the University of Manchester, UK, who
studies the visual system’s response to light. “That puts the onus on us, as
biologists, to tell the lighting engineers exactly what they should be doing.”
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