Electronic door locks are a way to replace keys or

to add additional automation features, like remote locking or unlocking. Although most

commonly found on cars, many cutting-edge security providers are offering electronic door

locks for homes and businesses.
Types of door locks
In any type of door lock, a latch or bolt is made to cross the opening between the

side of the door and the doorframe, preventing access. This can be a “spring bolt,”

which is held in place by springs and allows the door to close (but not reopen) when

locked, or the more secure “dead bolt,” which stays in place until manually unlocked.

In both cases, locking and unlocking is achieved by rotating the visible element (a knob

or a key in a lock cylinder) to move the bolt or latch.
Traditional key locks use some variation of the “pin and tumbler” method, in which

the lock cylinder is held in place with a line of small metal pins, each of which

consists of an upper and lower half. When a key is inserted and turned, the uneven

“serrated” edge ensures that each pin is moved a certain distance. The cylinder may be

turned only when each pin is moved just enough to create a straight separation between

the upper and lower halves of all pins. There are also novel locks as

fingerprint door lock.
Electronic lock also involves parts

called “actuators,” which connect the bolt or the cylinder to a small motor completely

buried within the door or frame itself. The motor is controlled by an electrical impulse,

which may be triggered in a number of ways: by an electronic card reader, by a keypad or

by a wireless remote control sensor. Either way, the electronic door lock, functioning as

a door release, is configured to start

the motor-driven actuator only once it has received the correct electronic input.
A lock solenoid is a type of

electric locking mechanism that uses an electromagnetic lock device containing a tightly wound coil of metal wire called a

solenoid to provide the mechanical energy that opens and closes the lock. Solenoid locks

are often used as door locks and are also used to lock other things, such as cabinets or

drawers. They are especially common for doors that are locked and unlocked remotely, such

as the main doors of many apartment complexes or situations where security is a

particular concern.
The essential component of a lock solenoid is a length of insulated copper wire

connected to a source of electrical current. The wire is coiled around a long, frequently

cylinder-shaped core made of iron or some other ferromagnetic material that is positioned

so that it can move nearer to or farther away from the center of the coil when force is

applied to it. When electrical current passes through the wire, it generates a magnetic

field that moves the core, turning electrical energy into mechanical energy and producing

linear motion. This allows the solenoid to open or close the bolt in the lock.
Solenoid locks have several features that can make them desirable in many

applications. Unlike purely mechanical locks, a lock solenoid with

power supply

can open and close without needing a human to be physically present to operate it, making

it useful for locks that receive instructions to open and close from a separate location

or that do so automatically according to a preset timer or signals from sensor equipment

without direct human input. They can also be designed to be unlocked by things other than

a physical key, such as a password; a signal from a radio-frequency identification device

or personal digital assistant; or biometric data such as fingerprints, voice prints, or

retinal scanning.
Another useful feature is that, depending on the design of the lock solenoid, the

core can be positioned so that activating the electrical current either pushes the core

outward, throwing the bolt and shutting the lock, or polls the core inward to open the

lock. A lock that uses a magnetic field to close the lock, sometimes with

card reader, will automatically open in

the event of failure, or "fail open,” while a lock that uses the magnetic field to

open the lock will do the opposite and “fail closed.”
This is a useful attribute of solenoids and an important design consideration,

because it determines how the lock will react in the event of equipment failure or loss

of electrical power. For example, lock solenoids used on the doors of businesses or

residences will usually be designed to fail open so that in the event of a dangerous

event that causes power failure, such as a fire in the building, people will be able to

escape the building unobstructed. On the other hand, in the case of some solenoid locks,

such as locks on a vault, a safe, or a cabinet containing money, valuables, or other

potential targets of theft such as sensitive government or business information, it is

more desirable for the lock to fail closed so that a power loss does not leave them

suddenly vulnerable.