What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)?
A technical committee under ASTM international finally defined these processes

appropriately as Additive Manufacturing (AM), as the technology builds 3D parts by

adding material, as compared to subtractive manufacturing.
According to ISO/ASTM 52900-2015, Additive manufacturing is commonly given to the

technologies that use successive layers of material to create a three-dimensional

object. By using various techniques the printer builds the 3D geometry by

constructing a thin 2D plane layer by layer.
There are seven main categories of AM technologies viz Vat photopolymerisation,

Material Extrusion, Material Jetting, Binder Jetting, Powder bed fusion, Direct

energy deposition and Sheet lamination.
Additive manufacturing technology types


Many companies have invented and introduced new techniques and Because the

technology is fairly new, the companies who develop and introduce different

techniques come up with their own marketing terms for the process, even though the

core technique might be the same.


As per ISO/ASTM standards AM can be divided into the following seven process

categories or types according to the techniques used to create those layers. Though

companies who have developed some of the AM technologies have their own names.

Vat Photo Polymerization


In this process, a liquid photopolymer is selectively cured by light-activated

polymerization to create a 3D part. It is based on the curing and hardening of

photopolymers on exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The main types of this

technology are Stereolithography (SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP) and

Continuous Digital Light Processing. Only Plastic can be printed using these

technologies.


Binder jetting process


As the name implies this technique selectively deposits the bonding agent a

binding liquid to join the powder material together to form a 3D part. This process

is different to any other AM technology as it does not employ heat during the

process like others to fuse the material.


Directed energy deposition


Direct energy deposition uses focused thermal energy such as a laser, electron

beam, or plasma arc to fuse materials by melting as they are being deposited. Types

include LENS, EBAM.


Benefits of cosmetics



While some people believe that cosmetic and personal care products are a recent

invention, discoveries of their use and widespread benefits go back thousands of

years. Today, Europe’s 500 million consumers use them to protect their health,

enhance wellbeing and boost their self-esteem.



Functional benefits



Cosmetics contribute to wellbeing and healthy lifestyles. Our hands carry

pathogens from contaminated sources; so simple tasks such as washing hands with

soap can help prevent serious illness. Indeed, multiple studies have shown that the

leading causes of child mortality in developing countries, diarrhoea and

respiratory infections, can be prevented by hand washing with soap. The use of

toothpaste, particularly when containing fluoride, reduces the prevalence of dental

caries. Toothpaste reduces plaque and tartar, which can lead to tooth damage and

gum disease. Beyond health, there are economic advantages to dental care: there is

strong evidence that the benefits of preventing tooth decay far exceed the costs of

treatment. Indeed, if we assume that, without toothpaste, total expenditure on oral

health would be 5% higher, the total benefits of using toothpaste (in terms of

avoided costs) would be approximately €26.5 billion by 2020.




Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the only established exogenous causal

factor for melanoma, a type of skin cancer that can spread to other organs of the

body. Consistent and optimal use of sunscreen may prevent the incidence of

melanoma. A study carried out between 1992 and 2006 and reported in ‘Reduced

melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomised trial follow up’ in the Journal

of Clinical Oncology (2011) examined the cancer rates of two groups of adults aged

between 25 and 75 years old. One used sunscreen daily and the other did so at their

discretional frequency. It was found that invasive melanoma was reduced by 75% for

approximately 15 years after trial cessation in the group that applied sunscreen

daily.



Emotional benefits



Beyond physical health, cosmetics can help to improve our mood, enhance our

appearance and boost our self-esteem. They can also help to exhibit personal style

and, as such, are an important means of social expression. In a study by FEBEA,

over 60% of respondents claimed that cosmetics have a positive impact on well-

being, image, self-confidence and mood, with a large proportion (+40%) also

identifying benefits in terms of social life, love life, family life, professional

life and health.


A study published by IKW, the German Cosmetic, Toiletry, Perfumery and

Detergent Association, assessing the self-perception of adolescents and young

adults, found that 73% believe body and beauty care is very important in their

lives. Moreover, 85% feel safer when they use cosmetics products, and 63% feel more

attractive when they do so.



Synthetic Chemical



Synthetic chemicals

are usually applied as additives in everyday products, which can help to improve

the flexibility and versatility of these materials. For instance, plasticizers and

flame retardants are commonly used in plastic products and electronic

products respectively. However, many of the

chemicals used in these products will inevitably enter the environment. Some

synthetic chemicals can exhibit environmental persistence and possess

characteristics of bioaccumulation, which can induce acute or chronic toxicity for

organisms and further influence both ecological and human health. Therefore,

despite the fact that the chemicals in these products play an important role for

promoting the development of human society, the risks they pose to the

environmental health of our planet must not be neglected.


Biopeptide Basics


Proteins and peptides alike are made of strings of proteinogenic, or standard,

amino acids-22 organic chemical building blocks found in the human body. Depending

whom you ask, a protein-to gain its moniker-must have more than 20, 40, or 50 amino

acids; an average protein in the human body, though, is much larger than this, with

somewhere around 500 amino acids. A peptide is any string of at least two amino acids that has

fewer than this designated cut-off-a few dozen building blocks rather than a few

hundred.

The differences between proteins and peptides, while they are rooted in size, do

not end with how large or small they are. Because peptides are so short, they

generally do not fold into complex structures like larger proteins; instead of

forming helices, sheets, large complexes, and globules, peptides remain a loose,

two-dimensional string inside cells. And because of both their small size and lack

of organized structure, peptides tend to be able to sneak through spaces where

larger proteins can't fit-they can penetrate the walls of the intestines, human

skin, and in some cases even the membranes surrounding cells. For drug makers or

food engineers, this is one of the most appealing qualities of biopeptides; they

can quickly get to the bloodstream to go where they are needed. In addition, short

peptides can be simpler and cheaper to produce compared to complicated, larger

proteins.

To make proteins, machinery inside a cell's nucleus first transcribes a strand

of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) into a corresponding strand of messenger RNA

(ribonucleic acid; mRNA). Next, in association with ribosomes outside of the

nucleus, each triplet of m RNA, or codon, is translated into an amino acid that

makes up a growing protein. Finally, the protein might be processed by the cell

through the addition of chemical entities on the string of amino acids or the

removal of sections of the strand.

When it comes to peptides, a few are produced through this classical protein-making

pathway. But the vast majority come from elsewhere: the food we eat. When you drink

a glass of milk or chow down a burger, your digestive system is faced with

thousands of proteins from the food. In the process of digestion, many of these

proteins are broken down into smaller, manageable chunks: peptides. Some of these

have no immediate function-they will go on to be further processed so the body can

later use their building blocks. But others are bioactive peptides; bioactive in

the sense that they can cause a change to a cell's functioning. It is these

that have caught researchers' attention.


What Are Consumables?


Consumables

are goods used by individuals and businesses that must be replaced regularly

because they wear out or are used up. They can also be defined as the components of

an end product that is used up or permanently altered in the process of

manufacturing such as semiconductor wafers and basic chemicals.


Stocks of companies that make consumables are considered safe harbors for

equity investors when the economy shows signs of weakness. The reasoning is simple

in that people always need to purchase groceries, clothes, and gas no matter what

the state of the broad economy.





Many of the items measured in the basket of goods used to calculate the

consumer price index (CPI) are consumables. Inflation in these items is closely

watched because it can lower the discretionary income people have to spend on items

such as cars, vacations, and entertainment.





Since staple goods are consumed at all times, they are considered non-cyclical,

while more discretionary products are cyclical and can vary in demand with the

economy.




Consumables Examples


While certain consumables like food, gasoline, clothing, and personal hygiene

products are ubiquitous, the world of consumables also has some interesting niche

areas and sectors. Here are just a small set of examples.