Webbing is a woven fabric that is distinguishable by its various material compositions,
strength variations and widths. The webbing process essentially involves yarns that are
woven via looms to create strips. While it is generally comparable to rope for its
harnessing function, webbing is an extremely versatile component used in an array of
industry applications, ranging from military apparel to automotive parts. Typically,
webbing is fabricated in solid or tubular form, with each type having different
applications and functions. While ropes are typically thick in texture,
PRET webbing is produced in extremely
lightweight parts. The primary materials used in the production of webbing include
variations of polyester, nylon, and polypropylene. Cotton webbing is also available and is
commonly used in commercial applications, including clothing apparel. Webbing is also
customizable in a series of colors, designs and prints, and manufacturers can fabricate
reflective webbing for safety applications.
Standard Industry Applications
Webbing is found across various sectors. Standard
RPET webbing applications
and associated industries include:
Seatbelts and harnesses; automotive industry
Hiking, backpack and harnessing gear; sporting good retail apparel
Safety bands and tapes; hospital and medical industry
Upholstery (seat bases); furniture manufacturing
Uniform (suspenders) and accessories for various professions, e.g. police and military
Web Processing: Solid (Flat) and Tubular
Solid webbing is also known as flat webbing and is fabricated in varying degrees of
thickness. Distinguished by its flat aesthetic, solid webbing is commonly used for
applications like seatbelts. It is lightweight though it is susceptible to tearing, as
stress from use tends to affect the outer surface of the material. Solid webbing is
generally too stiff to function in applications that require knots, which is why this type
of webbing is best suited for applications where the material can be sewn into a larger
product. Backpack straps, for instance, are examples of this type of solid
webbing.
Tubular webbing is thicker and more durable than solid
PP webbing and is composed of
two sheets of fabric. It is suitable for knotting applications (like a rope for hoisting)
and carries tension better than solid webbing. For functions like climbing, experts
recommend utilizing tubular webbing that is woven into a continuous loop.
Common Webbing Materials
Below are the common webbing materials and some examples of webbing, and types and
uses. While nylon and polyester have similar properties to each other, there are some key
differences.
Nylon Webbing
Nylon Webbing is a high strength elastic material that is commonly used for belt
applications (specifically, flat nylon). This material tends to stretch approximately 2%
the length of the webbing when it is wet. When looking at how to make nylon webbing,
experts warn that nylon webbing should not be exposed to water continuously, as the
material tends to absorb liquid and may harbor mildew if it is not maintained properly.
Polyester Webbing
Polyester webbing is durable and similar in aesthetic to nylon. This material is
suitable for use for applications that require lifting heavy loads. Polyester webbing has
low water-absorption and is more mildew and rot-resistant than nylon. This webbing is
commonly used in applications including racing harnesses and seatbelts.
Polypropylene Webbing
This type of webbing is typically used for outdoor applications. Some products
fabricated with this Nylon webbing
include window nets and plastic bags. Polypropylene webbing is comparable to nylon,
though it is generally lighter. Additionally, it is fabricated with U.V. protection and is
water-resistant. This material is processed in varying degrees of thickness, although it
has low abrasion resistance. According to experts, it is most suitable for medium-strength
operations.
Additional Considerations: Replacement & Maintenance
Professionals recommend inspecting the material on an annual basis, especially where
the component is utilized as a safety restraint application. Webbing installed as belts and
harnesses in the racing industry, for example, will begin to lose elasticity and tear after
consistent use and exposure to certain elements, such as oil and heat. Replacement is
recommended accordingly, ranging from 2-5 years or sooner if the application is used
regularly, as with seatbelts and chair seats (cotton chair webbing).
Maintenance is another essential webbing consideration. As a rule, most webbing should
be kept clean and dry, although some materials, like polypropylene are water-proof. A mild
detergent is recommended to clean webbing, though it is also essential to remember that the
aforementioned materials are manufactured in colors, which may fade or bleed when exposed
to certain conditions or cleaner treatments. Therefore, consult the manufacturer for the
best maintenance approach.
Textile webbing straps are usually connected to a load by insertion of a bolt or
fitting through a looped end in the strap. The strength and efficiency of such a connection
are analyzed in this paper. Several simplifying assumptions, e.g., a linear elongation-
load characteristic for the webbing, negligible friction, etc, are made. The analytical
results are compared with test data for Nylon and Dacron webbing straps with various end-
loop configurations. The comparison shows that the analysis of loop strength and efficiency
is approximately correct. Both theory and test data indicate the need for close
specification of loop configuration parameters during design.
Webbing structures are essential to the safety of engineering systems that routinely
endure excessive sunlight exposure. Particularly damaging is the ultra-violet (UV)
component of sunlight that may degrade polymer chains, thereby compromising mechanical
strength. Despite considerable progress in structural health monitoring, UV damage sensors
for Jacquard webbing
structures are still lacking. To fill this gap, we propose a simple and fast fabrication
process for a nylon webbing structure that exhibits photochromic responses to UV
irradiation. The photochromic webbing structure is fabricated by coating a nylon strap with
a photochromic polymer. The photochromic webbing structure demonstrates high sensitivity to
a wide range of UV irradiation energy. In addition, the webbing structure maintains
photochromism even after photodegradation due to extreme UV irradiation (equivalent to 72 h
of sunlight exposure). Our analysis indicates that a photochromic dye concentration of
1.00% is optimal for UV sensing. The proposed photochromic webbing could facilitate health
monitoring of industrial, aeronautical, and aerospace structures.
The integration of digital tools in mathematics education is considered both promising
and problematic. To deal with this issue, notions of webbing and instrumental orchestration
are developed. However, the two seemed to be disconnected, and having different cultural
and theoretical roots. In this article, we investigate the distinct and joint journeys of
these two theoretical perspectives. Taking some key moments in recent history as points of
departure, we conclude that the two perspectives share an importance attributed to digital
tools, and that initial differences, such as different views on the role of digital tools
and the role of the teacher, have become more nuances. The two approaches share future
challenges to the organization of teachers’ collaborative work and their use of digital
resources.
The following guest article was inspired by an enlightening conversation between SRN
editor Denise Donaldson and Dave Sander, CPST-I and engineer (formerly with Evenflo, but
employed elsewhere at the time this article was written).
Have you ever given close attention to the webbing used for car seat harnesses, LATCH
straps, or vehicle seat belts? If so, you may have noticed that some are wider or feel
thicker, smoother, or rougher than others. You may have also noticed that some have stripes
(actually called panels), and that those panels vary in appearance and number.
If you have noted these things, I congratulate you on your keen sense of observation!
These differences are not random or decorative; each detail in webbing has been
intentionally designed to affect how it will perform, especially in a crash.
FMVSS 213 stipulates certain webbing characteristics of CRs. It defines the minimum
width of the Print webbing
used in harnesses, tethers, and LA straps. It also says that new webbing must meet a
minimum strength requirement of 11,000 Newtons for harness webbing and 15,000 Newtons for
LA and tether webbing. To get an idea of how strong that is, you could basically pick up a
Honda Accord with a strap made out of LA or tether webbing!
CR manufacturers purchase this strong webbing, and most also do their own internal
testing to doubly ensure compliance with the standard. FMVSS 213 specifies that this be
done using what’s called a quasi-static test. This is simply a test in which the webbing
must not break, at the specified load, when a device attached to the ends pulls it apart at
a slow and steady rate.
The quasi-static test is beneficial as a consistent benchmark for measuring performance
criteria among all the different webbings that a company might use. However, CR
manufacturers also assess webbing during dynamic testing of car seats during sled tests run
at a very high rate of speed. Quasi-static results typically do not match these high-speed
results, in that the amount of elongation (or stretch) seen during the quasi-static test is
likely to differ from the amount during a sled test—it could be more or less. Since the
amount of stretch is a key characteristic with respect to how webbing manages crash forces,
it is helpful to know the results of both types of testing.
Now back to the guts of the story. We’ve observed that webbing comes in different
styles with varying construction. Why? Because, depending on the configuration of the
fibers (threads), webbing will stretch to varying extents when loaded by crash forces, such
as in a sled test or actual car crash. Rather than considering one type the best, engineers
make use of this variability.
Like car seats, webbing types can perform differently in FMVSS 213 crash testing, and
the actual car seat it is attached to will further differentiate the results.
Sometimes the webbing selected during car seat design may even cause the CR to crack during
the development and testing phases. By simply making a better choice for the type of
webbing, the same car seat may pass testing without any other changes to the CR being
needed. When looking at the performance criteria in FMVSS 213, differences in harness
webbing can influence the results of the test dummy head injury criterion (HIC) score and
Chest G injury criteria, as well as the head and knee excursion (forward movement).
As CPSTs know, the management of crash forces requires give and take. While one
goal is to hold a CR in place, injury may result if the body isn’t allowed to slow down
gradually enough. Therefore, while webbing used for LATCH installation must be strong and
hold the car seat in place, car seat engineers carefully select the kinds of webbing used
for a particular car seat model to balance the CR’s overall performance.
For instance, some car seat models may have tether or lower anchor webbing that has a
relatively high elongation in order to enhance the performance of the CR structure.
While this would increase some excursion measurements (a negative effect), this might be a
net-positive tradeoff if it lowers the dummy HIC or chest Gs enough (a positive effect). In
fact, because tethers do such a good job of supporting a CR and controlling head excursion,
there is usually some room to use webbing that stretches more if the overall effect is a
more structurally sound CR that measures better HIC and chest Gs in testing—a tradeoff
that is likely to translate to better outcomes for real children in crashes.
Webbing variations can also be especially useful to engineers in the late stages of CR
development. To CR engineers, these final stages are all about tweaking or “turning the
dials” until you get the best performance possible in all the measurable categories: HIC,
chest G’s, head excursion, knee excursion, and structure. What does turning the
dials mean? Well, before a car seat is even made, developers use a variety of tools,
like computer-aided design programs and 3-D printed models, to predict a CR’s fit,
performance, and function, because changes made after a CR is molded are very costly. But,
until it has been physically made, it is difficult to really know for sure how a CR will
perform in every test configuration. So CR manufacturers have a few go-to ways to tweak
performance during the final development stage. Having a wide selection of webbing to try
is an important one of those, giving them so-called “dials” to turn. By matching the
right webbing to a CR, manufacturers can fine-tune it so it performs to its best potential.
I hope this sheds some light on how CR manufacturers choose webbing, just one of the
many factors that can influence the performance of a car seat. In particular, consider this
when asked why owners are prohibited from swapping components of different car seats, even
if the parts are from the same manufacturer. When it comes to webbing (and other parts, as
well), rest assured that there were important reasons the CR developers used the particular
type that they did for each model. So, even if parts seem similar to the untrained eye,
making changes to a CR that are not approved by the manufacturer can truly have negative
consequences on performance.
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