High performed new heavy concrete samples were designed and produced that absorption
parameters were determined for gamma and neutron radiation by using Monte Carlo Simulation
program GEANT4 code. In the sample production, many different materials were used such as;
chromite (FeCr2O4), wolframite [(20Fe,80Mn) WO4], hematite (Fe2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2),
aluminum oxide (Al2O3), limonite (FeO (OH) nH2O), barite (BaSO4), materials. Furthermore,
calcium aluminate cement (CAC) was utilized for high temperature resistant. In the current
study, five different new heavy concrete samples were produced then physical and chemical
strength of them tested. High-temperature-resistant tests were made at 1000°C and good
resistance against high temperature was observed. Neutron equivalent dose measurements were
made for by using 4.5 MeV energy 241Am-Be fast neutron source. Results compared with
paraffin and conventional concrete. It was found that the new heavyweight concretes had the
better absorption capacity than paraffin and conventional concrete. Gamma radiation
absorption measurements also were carried out at the energies of 160, 276, 302, 356, and
383 keV by using 133Ba point radiation source. It has been suggested that the new produced
concretes can be used for radiation safety in the nuclear applications.
Radiation is often used in applications such as in energy production, in medicine
diagnosis and treatment, in material research and investigation. In addition, it is also
used in such areas as agriculture, archeology (in carbon determination), space exploration,
military, geology, and many others (U.S. NRC, 2010). Radiation leaks may occur during these
applications (Lamarsh, & Baratta, 2001); therefore, it must be properly shielded. In
radiation shielding works, conventional materials such as concrete, steel, alloy, ceramic,
glass, and polymers are widely used (Aygün et al., 2019; Kumar, Sayyed, Dong, & Xue, 2018;
Sayyed, Akman, Kumar, & Ka?al, 2018). In these studies, concrete is among the most widely
used materials (Li et al., 2017). Concrete is a composite material which glued in such a
way that aggregate particles (sand, gravel, stone, and filler) with cement or a binder.
Traditional concrete is not as effective in nuclear shielding material radiation, but it is a very common
used building material. The traditional concrete lead
bricks for radiation shielding characteristic may vary and is dependent on the
chemical composition of the concrete. New types of concrete samples have been developed by
different the aggregated used for preparing concrete, depending on the available natural
and artificial materials (Mukhtar, Shamsad, Al-Dulaijan, Mohammed, & Akhtar, 2019; Chen,
1998). Heavy concrete is the most common material used in radiation shielding equipment. Heavy
concrete is obtained by adding high-density aggregates into normal concrete. Normal-weight
concrete density varied between 2200 and 2450 kg/m3 while heavy concrete’s density is
ranging from about 2900 and 6000 kg/m3 (Nawy, 1997). Some natural minerals such as
hematite, magnetite, limonite, serpentine, siderite and barite can be used as aggregates in
heavy concrete production. In literature, numerous experimental and theoretical researches
have been conducted to develop new heavy concrete. Different minerals like siderite,
limonite were used to produce heavy concrete in order to provide gamma radiation shielding.
It was reported that the gamma radiation absorption capacity of heavy concretes is high
(Basyigit et al., 2011). Boron-containing multi-layered new heavy concretes were produced
and radiation shielding properties were determined. It is reported that these concretes are
very high in 14 MeV neutron absorption capacity (Sato, Maegawa, & Moshimatsu, 2011). In a
different study, some metal oxides such as Al2O3, AS2O3, BaO, CaSO4, CdO, Cr2O3, CuO,
Fe2O3, K2O, MgO, MnO, Na2O, NiO, P2O5, PbO4, SrO, TiO2 was used in the heavy concrete
production, and it was stated that the use of these new heavy concretes in nuclear reactors
is appropriate (Abdo, 2002; Erdem, Baykara, Do?ru, & Kulu?ztürk., 2010; Mortazavi, Mosleh-
Shirazi, & Baradaran Ghahfarokhi et al., 2010). Seltborg et al.produced heavy concretes by
using, such as calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), radium (Ra) magnesium (Mg)
elements. They determined these heavy concretes can be used to shield gamma and neutron
radiation in nuclear reactors (Seltborg et al., 2005). In the present study of tungsten
oxide (WO3) gamma radiation mass attenuation coefficient in the concrete, the effect on the
coefficient was investigated. Appropriate geometry found by using MCNPX and XCom simulation
programs. It is found that shielding properties when nanoparticle WO3 doped in concrete
more than microparticle WO3 (Tekin, Singh, & Manici, 2017). In another study, high-density
concrete (ρ = 4.71 g/cm3) was made by using steel balls and in aggregate the debris of the
demolished concrete buildings in the earthquake region in Fukushima. Good shield properties
were determined this of heavy concrete and it is shown that can be used in storage
radioactive waste (Sanjay, Yusuke, Kimura, Fujikura, & Araki, 2018). Heavy concrete was
made using lead-zinc slag waste instead of sand which can be used gamma radiation
shielding. Shielding and strength properties were investigated of this concrete and
compared with conventional concrete. It is reported that lead–zinc slag waste concretes
better radiation shielding and strength characteristic than conventional concretes
(Mohamed, 2017). Medical cyclotron is a system designed for radiopharmaceutical production,
which high-level radiation emit. Shielding wall thickness was calculated by using Monte
Carlo simulation when cyclotron system used to operate that may occur radiation.
Consequently, for shielding, radiation at 200-cm-thickness concrete wall need was
determined (Jang, Kim, & Kim, 2017). Some mining wastes suitable for heavy concrete
production. For instance, Gallala et al. have produced new heavy concrete by using barite-
fluorspar mine waste (BFMW) aggregates and investigated their gamma radiation shielding,
mechanical strength properties. The results clearly showed when ratio 25% BFMW added to
concretes has better gamma radiation shielding and compressive strength properties than
conventional concrete (Gallala et al., 2017). Tekin et al., using MCNPX code, demonstrated
that high strength concrete containing nanoparticles of WO3 and Bi2O3 had enhanced
shielding capacity for gamma radiation (Tekin, Sayyed, & Issa, 2018). Five different
concrete types were made using magnetite aggregates and 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of titanium
dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles for nuclear power plant shielding material. Some of the
protecting parameters such as MAC (mass attenuation coefficients) HVL (half-value layer),
TVL (tenth value layer), and linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) were determined for 662,
1173, and 1332 ?keV energy of gamma ray used. It is reported, the significant effect on
radiation shielding properties occurred within 8% of TiO2 nanoparticles (Iman et al.,
2019). Some natural minerals can be using heavy concrete in production. Different concrete
types which including natural perlite mineral and B4C have been experimentally investigated
and gamma radiation shielding parameters have been determined (Agar et al., 2019)
In this study, new concrete samples were designed and produced using Monte Carlo
simulation program Geant4 code. The production of heavy concrete for radiation shield was
made based on the concrete production process such as mixture proportion, ratio of water to
cement, cement hydration. Furthermore, new concrete candidates with good
radiation shielding ability at high temperature have been produced and it has been
shown that raw materials such as chromite, wolframite can be used in production.
In Monte Carlo simulation program, the Geant4 code is used to determine the
interactions between radiation and materials. In addition, it can be used to predict
nuclear events that may occur at the point of radiation and detector interaction. Geant4
software is the most developed, for analyses biological effects of radiation-induced and
their modification
nuclear shielding engineering. Also, Monte Carlo program Geant4 to simulate can be
used to predict the transport, accumulation of incident particles through the walls of a
nuclear power plant (Agostinelli et al., 2003). It is used in applications in nuclear
physics, particle accelerator designing, space investigation, and medical physics. Detailed
information can be found at www.Geant4.org.
2.2. Sample preparation
New heavy concrete samples were produced by using different natural aggregates such as
chrome ore (FeCr2O4), wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4], hematite (Fe2O3), limonite (FeO (OH) nH2O),
barite (BaSO4). Nickel oxide (NiO) was used to fill the pores that could form in the
concrete. The chromium ore (FeCr2O4) mineral has a density of average 4.79 g/cm3 and it
melts in temperature 1650–1660°C (Jay, Meegoda, Zhengbo, & Kamolpornwijit, 2007). The
chrome ore sample was taken from the Kayseri city Yahyal? district chrome mine. This chrome
ore contains such minerals 53.19% Cr2O3, 16.80% MgO, 11.15%Al2O3, 15.11%Fe, 2.72%SiO2,
0.007%S, and 0.005% P according to Eti (Chromium Ferrochrome Foundation). Wolframite is a
mineral with a density of 7.1–7.5, average 7.3 g/cm3 and 11.70% MnO, 16.85% FeO, 71.46%
WO3 including (Tolun., 1951). This ore was obtained from an Uluda? tungsten mine, which is
located in the province of Bursa and is approximately 2200–2300 m high from the sea.
According to the pioneering simulation work, both gamma and neutron radiation absorption
cross-sectional values were determined higher in chromite and wolframite minerals.
Furthermore, these minerals have both refractory properties and high mechanical strength
and plenty of reserves. Therefore, these minerals were used in the production of heavy
concrete. Hematite, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, limonite, siderite, barite, materials
are always used materials for the production of heavy concrete, but for that, the chromite
and wolframite minerals are not very commonly used. The usage of natural chromite and
wolframite minerals provided will be with this work in the nuclear industry. Chromium oxide
(Cr2O3) was used to fill capillary cavities that may form in concretes. When concrete
components were selected, the high macroscopic cross-sectional values were taken into
account.
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