Association lists over 3,500 different grades of steel, each with unique properties. The
various types mean that steel can by widely used in infrastructure, appliances, vehicles,
wind turbines, and many more applications.
Optimizing steel’s properties for each application goes beyond changing the chemical
composition, however. The manufacturing processing of steel can also have a significant
impact on steel products—even when the grades and specifications are the same. One key
distinction among pre-fabricated steel products is the difference between hot rolled and
cold rolled steel.
What’s the difference between hot rolled and cold rolled steel?
It’s important to note that the main difference between hot rolled and cold rolled steel
is one of process. “Hot rolling” refers to processing done with heat. “Cold rolling”
refers to processes done at or near room temperature. Although these techniques affect
overall performance and application, they should not be confused with formal specifications
and grades of steel, which relate to metallurgical composition and performance ratings.
Steels of different grades and specifications can be either hot rolled or cold rolled—
including both basic carbon steels and other alloy steels.
It may seem obvious, but some types of steel are better suited for certain applications.
Knowing which to use can help avoid over-spending on raw materials. It can also save time and
money on additional processing. Understanding the differences between hot and cold steel is
integral to choosing one over the other.
Hot rolled steel
Hot rolled steel is steel that has been roll-pressed at very high temperatures.
Hot rolled steel is steel that has been roll-pressed at very high temperatures—over
1,700?F, which is above the re-crystallization temperature for most steels. This makes the
steel easier to form, and resulting in products that are easier to work with.
To process hot rolled steel, manufacturers first start with a large, rectangular length
of metal, called a billet. The billet is heated and then sent for pre-processing, where it is
flattened into a large roll. From there, it is kept at a high temperature and run through a
series of rollers to achieve its finished dimensions. The white-hot strands of steel are
pushed through the rollers at high speeds. For steel
sheet, rolled steel is spun into coils and left to cool. For other forms, such as bars
or alloy steel plates, materials
are sectioned and packaged.
Steel shrinks slightly as it cools. Since hot rolled steel is cooled after processing,
there is less control over its final shape, making it less suitable for precision
applications. Hot rolled steel is often used in applications where minutely specific
dimensions aren’t crucial. Railroad tracks and construction projects often use hot rolled
steel.
Hot rolled steel can often be identified by the following characteristics:
A scaled surface—a remnant of cooling from extreme temperatures
Slightly rounded edges and corners for bar and
weathering steal plate
products (due to shrinkage and less precise finishing)
Slight distortions, where cooling may result in slightly trapezoidal forms, as opposed to
perfectly squared angles
What are the benefits of hot rolled steel?
Hot rolled steel typically requires much less processing than
cold rolled steel sheet,
which makes it a lot cheaper. Because hot rolled steel is allowed to cool at room
temperature, it’s essentially normalized—meaning it’s free from internal stresses that can
arise from quenching or work-hardening processes.
Hot rolled steel is ideal where dimensional tolerances aren’t as important as overall
material strength, and where surface finish isn’t a key concern. Where surface finish is a
concern, scaling can be removed by grinding, sand blasting, or acid-bath pickling. Once
scaling has been removed, various brush or mirror finishes can also be applied. Descaled
steel also offers a better surface for painting and other surface coatings.
Cold rolled steel
Cold worked steels are typically harder and stronger than standard hot rolled steels.
Cold rolled steel is essentially hot rolled steel that has been through further
processing. Once hot rolled steel has cooled, it is then re-rolled at room temperature to
achieve more exact dimensions and better surface qualities.
Cold “rolled” steel is often used to describe a range of finishing processes, though
technically “cold rolled” applies only to galvanized sheets that undergo compression between rollers. Steel forms that are
pulled, such as bars or tubes, are “drawn,” not rolled. Other cold finishing processes
include turning, grinding, and polishing—each of which is used to modify existing hot rolled
stock into more refined products.
Cold rolled steel can often be identified by the following characteristics:
Better, more finished surfaces with closer tolerances
Smooth surfaces that are often oily to the touch
Bars are true and square, and often have well-defined edges and corners
Tubes have better concentric uniformity and straightness
What are the benefits of cold rolled steel?
With better surface characteristics than hot rolled steel, it’s no surprise that cold
rolled steel is often used for more technically precise applications, or where aesthetics are
important. But due to the additional processing for cold finished products, they come at a
higher price.
In terms of physical characteristics, cold rolled steels are typically harder and
stronger than standard hot rolled steels. As the metal is shaped at the lower temperatures,
the steel’s hardness, resistance against tension breaking, and resistance against
deformation are all increased due to work hardening.
These additional treatments, however, can also create internal stress within the
material. This can cause unpredictable warping if the steel is not stress relieved prior to
cutting, grinding, or welding.
Manufacturing and product design
Depending on what you’re looking to build, different materials each have their own
benefits and drawbacks. For run-of-the-mill projects or one-off productions, steel materials
can provide the building blocks for any structural configuration imaginable.
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